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- C CALCITE LIMESTONE">STONE - A limestone">stone containing not more than 5 percent of magnesium carbonate. CALCITE STREAKS - White or milk-like streaks occurring in stone">stone. The streak is a joint plane usually wider than a glass seam; it has been recemented by deposition of calcite in the crack and is structurally sound. CANOPY - A sheltering roof, as over a niche or doorway. CANTILEVER - A projecting element, such as a beam, supported at a single point or along a single line by a wall or column, stabilized by a counter-balancing downward force around the point of fulcrum. CARYATID - A draped female human figure used as a sculptural column or pier, often flanking a doorway, or used as a decorative detail, especially on fireplaces. CAPITAL - The head or cap of a column. CARVE - Shaping, by cutting a design to form; the trade of a sculptor. CEMENT PUTTY, also CREAM or BUTTER - A thick creamy mixture made with pure cement and water, which is used to strengthen the bond between a stone">stone and a setting bed. CHAMFER - To bevel the junction of an exterior angle. CHAT SAWN FINISH - A rough gang saw finish produced by sawing with coarse chat. CLADDING - The lightweight outer skin of a building that does not carry any weight nor support the building, but which protects it from weather elements. CLEAVAGE - The ability of a rock mass to break along natural surfaces; a surface of natural parting. CLEAVAGE PLANE - Plane or planes along which a stone">stone may likely break or delaminate. CLERESTORY - The upper part of a wall pierced by windows to bring light into the center of a building, as in the nave of a church. COBBLEstone">stone - A natural rounded stone">stone, large enough for use in paving. Commonly used to describe paving blocks, usually granite, which are generally cut to rectangular shapes. COLUMN - Freestanding or self-supporting structural element carrying forces mainly in compression, whether stone">stone, steel or brick. COMMERCIAL MARBLE - A crystalline rock composed predominantly of one or more of the following materials: calcite, dolomite or serpentine, and capable of taking a polish. COPING - A flat stone">stone used as a cap on a freestanding wall, usually to protect the wall from weather. CORNERstone">stone - A stone">stone forming part of a corner or angle in a wall. Also a dedicatory stone">stone laid at the formal inauguration of a building's construction, prominently located but not necessarily at the corner, and usually bearing the date of erection and often an inscription. CORNICE - A molded projecting stone">stone at the top of an entablature or at the meeting of a roof and wall. CORTILE - The term for an internal courtyard, usually open to the air, surrounded by arcades to blur the distinction between interior and exterior. COURSE - A horizontal range of stone">stone units running the length of a wall. COURSED VENEER - A wall treatment achieved by using stone">stones of the same or approximately the same height. Horizontal joints run the entire length of the veneered area. Vertical joints are constantly broken so that no two joints will be over one another. CREAM - See CEMENT PUTTY CROSS-BEDDING - The arrangement of laminations of strata transverse or oblique to the main planes of stratification. CURBING - Slabs and blocks of stone">stone bordering streets, walks, etc. CUT stone">stone - All stone">stone cut or machined to given sizes, dimension or shape, and produced in accordance with working or shop drawings which have been developed from an architect's structural drawings. CUTTING STOCK - A term used to describe slabs of varying size, finish, and thickness which are used in fabricating treads, risers, copings, borders, sills, stools, hearths, mantels and other special purpose stone">stones. - D DACITE - A fine-grained, extrusive (volcanic) rock, intermediate in color and composition between basalt and rhyolite. DAMPPROOFING - One or more coatings of a compound that is impervious to water applied to a surface above grade. DENTIL - Small blocks or tooth-like projections on an entablature. DENTIL COURSE - The lower part of a cornice where dentils normally appear. The cornice is jointed to allow machine production of the dentils. DIMENSION stone">stone - stone">stone pre-cut and shaped to dimensions of specified sizes. DOLOMITIC LIMESTONE">STONE - A limestone">stone rich in magnesium carbonate, frequently somewhat crystalline in character. It is found in ledge formations in a wide variety of color tones and textures. Generally speaking, its crushing and tensile strengths are greater than the oolitic limestone">stones, and its appearance shows greater variety in texture. DOWEL - A cylindrical metal pin used in aligning and strengthening joints of adjacent stone">stones. DRESSED or HAND DRESSED - The cutting of rough chunks of stone">stone by hand to create a square or rectangular shape. A stone">stone which is sold as dressed stone">stone generally refers to stone">stone ready for installation. DRIP - A recess cut under a spill or projecting stone">stone to throw off water, preventing it from running down the face of a wall or other surface, such as windows or doors. DRY - An open or unhealed joint plane not filled with calcite and not structurally sound. DRY WALL - A stone">stone wall that is constructed one stone">stone upon another, without the use of any mortar; generally used for retaining walls. - E ENTABLATURE - An elaborate beam carried by columns or located at the top of a wall; consists of a lower architrave, middle frieze and upper cornice. ENTASIS - The intentional convex curve of the upper two-thirds of a column, introduced to counteract the optical illusion of concavity produced by straight columns. EXPOSED AGGREGATE - The larger pieces of stone">stone purposefully exposed for their color and texture in a cast slab. |
Glossary About Stone Industry (C~E)